Armed Forces (Special Power) Act, 1958 (India)

AFSPA hmannak States

Phunghram ṭhalo (Draconian Legislation) tiah mi tampi nih an kawhauh tawnmi, Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) nihhin India ramchung mizapi lak kar ah elhnialnak le buainak a chuahpi zungzal ṭheo. Hi phunghram tang ahhin ralkap pawl nawlngeihnak a luan tuk in pek an si tikah, Human Rights nawlbuarnak zong a sang hlei khun ti a si i, Politics leipi tiang ah buainak le i elhnialnak a chuahter tawn. Jammu & Kashmir buainak ruangah hi phunghram hman a si hnu lebang cu cozah dir tharmi an lungre theihtertu bik pakhat ah a cang.

AFSPA Cu Zeidah Si?

Hi phunghram hi a tawite nain a biahrenmi pawl ṭihnung lei khin a hmual an ṭha. Section 3nak nih hi phunghram hman a sinak hmun (North East State le Jammu & Kashmir) ah Governor maw siseh, Central acozahpi maw nih siseh a herh a ti si ahcun khoika hmun paoh kha disturbed area ah an phuan khawh. Disturbed Area i phuan cangmi hmun ahcun venhimnak rianṭuantu ralkap (Military le Air force) pawl nihkhan nawlngeihnak sangpi an ngei colh.

Disturbed Area ah cun ralkap paoh nih a tanglei bantuk in nawl an ngeih:

1) Warning pek an si cang hnu zong i, zatlang himnak hrokhral kho dingin cawlcanghnak cu hranhram in an ṭhuat/doh khawh hna. An zumhlomi le lunghrinhmi pawl thahnak (meithal in kahnak nawl) nawl an ngei.

2) Hriamnam siamnak hmun maw, hi bantuk thil siam timhlamhnak hmun le tapung (hriamtlai pawl) ralthiam cawnnak hmun a si tiah an theihmi hmun paoh cu hrawhnak nawl an ngei.

3) Tlaih khawhnak ca (warrant) ngei lo zong in thil a ti sualtu a si tiah an lunghrinhmi paoh hna cu an tlaih khawh hna. Cu lawng si loin thil ṭhalo tuah dingin zumhmi minung hna zong an tlaih khawh rih hna pinah a herhning thazaang ṭhawnnak (force) paoh an hman khawh.

4) Thilsual tuahtu ai dupnak hmun tiah an theihnak le hriamnam thuhnak hmun tiah an theihnak, thilri firmi chiahnak hmun tiah an theihnak hmun paoh cu tlaihnak ca (warrant) ngei lo zong in an inn ah lut in chek-nak nawl an ngei. Jammu & Kashmir lebang ahcun thilri le mawṭaw zong lunghrinhnak an ngeih hna a si ahcun ralkap pawl nih an chek hna hnuah an tlaih tawn hna. Hi pinah hin thingkuang tiangin baoh le hrawh viar khawhnak nawlvo tiangin onh le pek an si.

Hi phunhram tangah ralkap pawl nih an tlaihmi rengreng hna cu Police Station ah a rannak bik in (phakpi caan nazi khiahpiak a si lo) an ap ding hna kha a si. Cun, hi phunghram tangah ralkap pawl cawlcangh le rianṭuanmi kha zei tluk sual le zia ṭhalo ṭihnung zong in si hmanh seh, acozahpi hnatlaknak tel loin tazacuai khawh an si loh!

AFSPA Nih Zei State Pawl Dah A Huam?

Hi phunghram hi Parliament nih Sept. 11,1958 kum liopi in khan India ram nichuah-chak State pahnih Assam le Manipur ram hman dingah an rak passed cang. Asinain, nichua-chak lei tapung thomi pawl nih cozahpi an buaibai tuk tik hna ah, kum 1972 ahkhan hi phunghram hi remhnak (amend) an tuah ṭhan hnu, nichuah-chak state pasarih Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland le Arunachal Pradesh hna ah an hman.

Kan theih bantuk in Jammu & Kashmir zong hi an state chungah hriamtlai tapung nih hranhram cawngcanghnak phunphun tuahmi a tam chin lengmang, cun India ram in ai ṭhen duh pawl le tapung hriamtlai cawlcanghnak an chuah lengmang ruangah AFSPA cu Jammu & Kashmir i, hman ve dingah tlawmpal remhchap a si ve i, cuticun, Sept. 11, 1990 in khan India ram President nih pompi cohlannak a tuah dih hnuah The Armed Forces (Jammu & Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990 tiah hman a hung si ve.

Zei Ruangah Dah An Tuahnak Chan A Si?

British cozah nih India ram an rak tlaih lio ahkhan India ram pasalṭha pawl hna nih heh tiah ram le miphun caah an rak cawlcang i rian an ṭuan. Aug. 8, 1942 ah Quit India Movement thanh a rak si ahkhan British cozah nih hrawhhralnak lam an rak kawldap i, Congress pawl cawlcanghning cu phungning he aa sengtlai lo aa kalhkehmi a si an ti i, mah lio caan i, Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow nih Emergency thawng an rak thanh colh.

Hi thil a can hnu, Aug. 15, 1942 kum ah Armed Forces (Special Powers) ordinance, 1942 timi cu an ser hnu, India ram pasalṭha pawl cawlcang kho loin hmehnak le hrawhhralnak ruahchan in British ralkap pawl sinah nawlngeihnak sangpi kha rak pek an si. 

Hi phunghram hi kha lio caan zalonnak lei ramkhel cawlcangtu miphun pasalṭha pawl hna caah khan a rak fak taktakmi a si. India ram nih zalonnak a hun hmuh hnu India ram nichuah-chak lei ummi pawl hriamtlai in ram i dan/chuah duhmi, acozah dohdal in a cawlcangmi hmehphihnak le hrawhhralnak caah ti’n ramhruaitu pawl hna nih pehzulh in an nunter ṭhanmi a si ti a lang.

Zei Ruangah Dah Nichuah-chak Ah A Hman?

Kan theih dih bantuk in nichuah-chak lei ram pawl ahhin i tukdohnak hi a chuak lengmang. Hriamtlai tapung, acozahpi nih phunghram lengah a hnonmi phu pasarih an um (phunghram lengah hnon lem lomi tampi zong an um ve rih fawn). Hi hriamtlai pawl lakah a tam deuh nihcun India ram in i thlei duhnak lungput ngei in hranhram tukdohnak le buaibainak an chuahter ruangah le ram mizapi tuarnak ding cawlcangh an hman lengmang ruangah, cozahpi lung a mit, a lungrethei tuk cang i a celh ti lo. 

Cun India ram nih hin an ram hi lehmah pakhat zong hlohthlau lai an sian lo ruangah hriamtlai in tukdoh/hrawhnak lei cawlcanghnak vialte daihternak dingah le India rampi venhimnak caah ti’n ralkap thazaang ṭhawnnak fakpi hman zong kha a poi ah an rak chiahlonak a si.

Phunghram Ṭihnung A Si Taktak Maw?

Caṭialtu tampi hna le Human Rights pawl nih cun AFSPA hi phunghram ṭihnung a hruhrang tuk hringhranmi a si ruangah pehzulh in hman dingah cun dotla a si ti lo tiah an soisel tuk hna. Cu pinah India ram phunghrampi nih mizapi sinah a tiamkammi, Fundamental Rights kalhkeh a si tiah an soiselnak aw a thang chin lengmang. 

Hi phunghram hman a sinak hmun ah ralkap pawl hna nih an nawlngeihnak hranhram in a hmang sualmi zong an tam tuk cang tiah theih a si. Warrant tel lo zongah lunghrinhmi minung paoh cu tlaih, chek le meithal in kahnak nawl sangpi pek an si tikah hin sualnak ngeilo minung tampi zong an nunnak a liam phahmi an tlawm ti lo ti a si.

India Constitution Article 14nak nih Phunghram tangah cun mizapi kan i khat dih, phunghram nih i tlukruang tein himvennak a kan pek dih (Equality before law and equal protection of law) tiah a chim. Asinatin, state zeimawzat chung lawngah hi phung hi hman a si. Cucaah cun ram mizapi thleidangtu phung ṭhalo taktak ti khawh a si.

- AFSPA nih Constitution Article 21 (Right to Life) letin aa kalh tiah caṭialmi hna nih an chim ṭheo tawn. Cu lawng si loin, Article 22 (Protection against arrest and detention) he zong aa kalh fawn ti a si. Art. 22 nihcun, mi tlaihmi rengreng tlaih an sinak a chan/ruang/konglam chim lo le phunghram a theihngalmi (sihni) biakchawnhnak nawl le raih khawhnak nawl a ngeihnak kong zeihmanh chim lopi in, tlaih, hren le thong thlak phung a si lo ti a chim. Cupinah tlaihmi rengreng cu tlaih an si in, Sml. 24 luanhlan hrimhrim ah Magistrate hmai ah phanhpi hrimhrim ding ti a si (hika zawn ahhin Magistrate sin phanhpinak lam a sau le a tawi a chim lo).

Hriamtlai in acozah dohnak hna, le sualnak phunphun venhimnak caah ti’n phunghram ṭhate ngeih dih ko cang hnuah AFSPA hman hranhram peng rih a si hi cu chanthar Cyber Age ah khuasa cangmi caah cun dotla a si lo ngai cang. Cr. Pc Section 46-nak ahcun mi tlaitu pawl hna nih an zulh hnga dingmi zong tling tein ṭial viar a si. Natein cu thil vialte hna cu AFSPA nih cun a pelte hmanh a zul duh lo i, a buar/hnon dih. Cr Pc Section 45-nak nih venhimnak rianṭuantu pawl thlaphang lengmang in a chimhhrinh hna, asinain AFSPA tu hi cu an luan tuk ngamsam ti khawh a si.

Cupinah India constitution Articles 356-nak bangin state chung a him lo a si ah cun President nih President Rule in thanhnak nawl a ngeih i, cu zong cu a ṭha ngai ko tiah an ruah ko nain, ralkap zei si lo zong nih mithiam le mifim pipi cungcuangah an kai khawhnak nawl pek zong hi dothlattu zeimawzat hna nihcun an soisel ngaingai fawn rih hna.

AFSPA nihhin International Law tampi siseh, International Customary Law le International Humanitatian Law pawl kha fak taktak in a kalh fawn tiah a dothlattu hna nih an chim fawn.

AFSPA Hrawh Dingah Nawrnak

Amak ngaimi cu, hi phunghrampi hi ‘draconian Legislation’ ti tiangin an kawh bu le Supreme Court zongah voi tampi zualko a si zongah Supreme Court nih zei aa theihter lo daidup in a umpiak zungzal. Kum 1958 i, AFSPA phunghram Parliament ah chuahpi a si ahkhan nichuah-chak lei MP pawl hna nih fakpi in an rak dohmi a si. Cu lio i an ceihhmai ahcun AFSPA nih constitution a kalh le buar a si ahcun Supreme Court a cawlcang ko lai ti a si. Asinatein, kum 50 lengkai cu hman a si ve ṭhiamṭhiam ko cang hi teh mu!

 

Irom Sharmila Chanu (Manipur's Iron Lady)

AFSPA hlo dingah November 2, 2000 in tuchun ni tiang kum 15 chung rawl-ulhmi Irom Sharmila Chanu

Irom Sharmila Chanu

Jammu & Kashmir le AFSPA 

Jammu & Kashmir ah hman lio cuahmahmi nihhin ramkhelnak chungah chimceih a tong tuk; hlih/hrawh maw, nem deuh i remhchap hnu i, kalpi dingah nawrnak a tam ngaingai. Hi lio caan ah BJP nih cun AFSPA hlih hi an duh ve naisai lo. 

Acozah lungrethei, cabinet meeting on security zong All Party meeting zong an ṭhutṭi ko hna zongah i elhnialnak cu a dai kho hrimhrim lo. Kashmir dirhmun a hmunte ah a va dothlattu pawl Union Hom Minister P. Chidambaram letin Sept. 30, 2010 ahkhan Srinagar an va phan. Asinain tuchun ni tiang an bia elhnialnak cu a dai kho hlei rih lo.

Hiti a si ko bu ahhin Tripura i, AFSPA phunghram hmanmi lak ṭhan dingin nawr/nawlnak a um zungzal. Asinatein, September 29, 2010 ahkhan Tripura cozah nihcun AFSPA hman lio cukmak mi cu thlaruk chung nung than dingin a sauh chap. Tripura state ahhin Police Station 64 a um i, cu lakah 34 hi cu kum 1997 inkhan AFSPA nih an rak hmanmi a si.

Ralkap Pawl nih AFSPA An Hnatlapi

Hi tluk in soiseltu an um len lioah venhimnak rian a ṭuantu ralkap pawl ve zong nih cun AFSPA hman cuahmah mi von hlih ṭhan ding cu an duh ve ruam lo. September thla i, New Delhi ah Armed Forces Commander Conference an tuahnak zongah AFSPA hi hman pehzulh si ko seh ti kha an ceih i zapi an lungtlinmi cu a si. PV Naik, Chief of staff pawl, ralkap haotu Gen. VK Singh le Karan Singh Yadav, Director General of Assam Rifles pawl hna zong nih ralkap pawl i venhimnak caah AFSPA hman peng a herh ko tiah an chim.

Biafunnak

AFSPA ruangah hin elhnialnak hi a reh colh kho ding a si hrim lo. Cupinah hi phunghram lak/hlipnak le hrawhnak zong hi oltarawk in a si kho lai tiah zumh a um fawn lo. India ram phunghram hna hi a tlangpi in cun mizapi caah soisel awk um loin an tha ngai ko hna. Ralhrang (terrorist) pawl dohnak phunghram, The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) tehna an ṭhat tuk lioah AFSPA hi cu a luan deuh tiah cohlannak tu cu a um ve peng lai timi hi a lang. Zeipaoh siseh law, hi phunghram hi hrawh a si lo hmanh ah ralkap pawl nawlngeihnak sangpi peknak zawn hi cu remh siseh law a tha deuh tuk ding a si ko.

(Theihternak: Hi a cunglei capar hi ‘Student’s Outlook’ mekazine ah Tlaisun Lalnunsiama (Mizoram Law College) nih a ṭialmi kha aa tlakning in von lehmi a si.)